Today, I want to go over Acts 15. More specifically, I want to focus on verse 21. To start off, let's see verse 21 so we can refresh our memories:
(ACT. 15:21) For Moses has had throughout many generations those who preach him in every city, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath.
I was recently on social media - an unfortunate habit I keep telling myself I should break. The algorithm still thinks I’m SDA, so it subjected me to an article about some portion of Old Covenant law. Upon scanning the comments as I do (which is why the algorithm still thinks I’m SDA), I was surprised by how many people relied on Acts 15:21 to claim that Gentile converts were only given a few starter rules at first but then would learn the rest of the law later by attending synagogue.
One elaborated, “The Gentiles were converting to a sect of Judaism, so of course they would attend synagogue and learn Torah. How else would you interpret it?” Ah! That is the key question. How else could it, or should it, be interpreted? Because what Gentiles were joining and how they were joining it is precisely what was under consideration at the Council of Jerusalem.
If you've read this blog at all, then you know we mention Acts 15 frequently. Acts chapters 15 & 21 are some of my personal favorite material in the entire Bible. But one thing we've never really done is thoroughly investigate this interpretation of verse 21. Let's go together and see a different way to understand this verse. Fair warning: we're going to dig deep!
CHOOSE A SIDE
There were two opposing sides at the Jerusalem Council:
The first was converts from the Pharisees who claimed Gentiles must be circumcised and take up Torah law. Let's call them "Team Pharisee". Their position was that Gentiles are required to become Jews in order to be Christians.
The second was Paul, Barnabas, and Peter - who preached to the Gentiles and personally witnessed them coming to the faith and receiving the Holy Spirit without any law involved - along with James. Let's call them "Team Apostle". Their position was that Gentiles are not required to become Jews in order to become Christians.
I realize Sabbatarians will object, saying I've misunderstood the position of both teams. They believe the Apostles were all for the law, and that Team Pharisee was either A) only trying to bind circumcision on the Gentiles, or B) only trying to bind Pharisaical traditions rather than Torah law on the Gentiles, or C) only trying to bind a portion of the law - which Sabbatarians don't personally think is necessary and which they call "the Law of Moses" - on the Gentiles. They really should pick one. These explanations are very different from each other.
I simply reject all of those, and for several reasons; not the least of which is that's not what Luke wrote. I will go over this more in another post but I think by the end of this post you will better understand my reasoning.
What is the position of Sabbatarianism? That Gentiles should take up Torah law. Which team does that come closest to, by a simple reading of Acts 15? Team Pharisee.
In the letter the Council crafted to be sent out to all the churches, the very introduction reads:
(ACT. 15:24) “Since we have heard that some who went out from us have troubled you with words, unsettling your souls, saying, “You must be circumcised and keep the law”—to whom we gave no such commandment.”
The position of Team Pharisee was rejected outright. No such command was ever given in the first place to require the Gentile converts to be like the proselytes to Judaism in being circumcised and in keeping the law. Requiring Gentile converts to keep the law was a novelty being introduced by Team Pharisee. It was not a natural requirement from the beginning. James reaffirms this several years later (ACT. 21:25). And this reaffirmation is very bad for the "more law later" claim.
You can imagine what a difficult thing it is to take the words of the Council, which were immediately against teaching the Gentiles to keep the law, and turn them into full support of teaching the Gentiles to keep the law. That is how verse 21 is being used. An unclear verse is being interpreted in a way that completely changes several clear, key details of the chapter in the first place. But Sabbatarianism must do this. They have to have the law or they cannot have the Sabbath, and without a Sabbath there is no Sabbatarianism.
To understand why the Council decided as they did, we have to understand the background.
TWO POINTS
What do we emphasize here at ABD? Context, context, context. And what was the context of the chapter? You might say to me, "What should be expected of Gentiles now that they are called." And you would be correct. "But wait! There's more!"
The other underlying context was that Gentiles had been included at all.
Acts 15 is really the culmination of events beginning in Acts 10, and 11:1-18. You can see this in Acts 15:3 & 7-9.
The discussion in Acts 15 was essentially about two things: 1) the Gentiles having been called in the first place, same as Jews, and 2) what should be required of the Gentiles so Gentiles and Jews can live together. Many people miss point #1.
When James speaks, he begins by reiterating that Peter told a back story about how God, at the very start of Israel, "visited the Gentiles to take out of them a people for His name". (Referring to the calling of Abraham and the creation of Israel.) Then, James goes on to cite Amos 9, where God promises to bring the Gentiles back in. Notice, James never emphasizes Sinai here. James' points were not legal; they were were all historical, regarding the rejection and prophesied reclamation of the Gentiles. God called Abraham from the Gentiles to create the nation of Israel, and from that time forward He predicted the Gentiles would be reclaimed. That had finally happened in their time. (For more, see "What About the Gentiles?".)
James finishes it up with verse 21.
My point here is that we cannot understand verse 21 unless we read it with context point #1 in mind.
Discussion on Gentile conversion. → Peter talks about Israel called from the Gentiles. → James talks about the reclamation of the Gentiles. → Verse 21.
What Sabbatarians are doing is diving into Acts 15, taking verse 21 without any context, then explaining the verse, and really the entire chapter, in light of their own doctrines. They are not taking verse 21 in the context of the discussion it comes out of. This is the very definition of eisegesis: "the process of interpreting a text by imposing one's own presuppositions, agendas, or biases into it, rather than drawing meaning from the text itself."
If verse 21 suddenly becomes "Gentiles will now attend synagogue and learn Torah," then it interrupts the flow of the conversation. But if verse 21 continues James' appeal to what Israel has long heard in the scriptures, then it fits seamlessly.
VERSE 21
Now that we have the context in mind, we can move on to verse 21.
(ACT. 15:21) For Moses has had throughout many generations those who preach him in every city, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath.
In light of the context, verse 21 is a way of saying all those present should be well familiar with the idea of Gentile inclusion, since the scriptures they had been hearing all their lives had already established the place of the Gentiles in God's plan. They all sat in synagogue and had it read to them their whole lives.
The Gentiles are included in their own right, and you all should know this.
Look at the first half of the verse: "For Moses has had throughout many generations..." Guess what that is not doing... speaking about the future! I ask you, had Gentile Christians been going to synagogue and listening about Moses for many generations? No. Who had? Israel! James is talking about the Jews, who for many generations went to synagogue and listened about Moses. The Greek Interlinear reads, "from generations of old". The Greek is ἐκ γενεῶν ἀρχαίων - “from generations of old / ancient times.” The word ἀρχαίων (archaiōn) points to the exceedingly distant past. Nothing in this indicates future. Very much the opposite.
James talks about Israel and the past; Sabbatarians conclude Gentiles and the future.
Now, let's think about this plan to send Gentiles to synagogue to learn Christianity.
Remember, the Gospel was to go to all the earth. How could Gentiles go to synagogue in Gentile lands where there were no synagogues? But it also begs for difficulty in Diaspora areas where there were synagogues. It ignores what we read elsewhere (JON. 9:22; 12:42). If even the rulers of Israel could not mention Jesus, what sense would it make to plan on sending Gentile converts to synagogue?
It runs headlong into even basic issues. How are Gentiles going to learn the spirit of the law in a synagogue?
And, if we are going to claim this was all about being against traditions of the Pharisees, then don't forget that is part of what you learn in a synagogue. I remind you that synagogue attendance itself is a tradition of the Pharisees (for more, see "Common Legalist Arguments - Part VIII"). How can we be against traditions of the Pharisees and very much for traditions of the Pharisees at the same time?
The Sabbatarian explanation of verse 21 is, in a nutshell, "Let's risk sending Gentiles to synagogue so they can learn everything we here claim we are against."
Now, on to context point #2.
WHAT TO DO?
Having established that the Gentiles were included in their own right as the Jews were, as it was foretold, let's move on to the second context point. The big question becomes - what should be done with the Gentiles now that we have to live together?
Here is another critical idea to understand the debate:
It is not that Gentiles were called to become Jews, as the proselytes did, but that they were called in the same way as the Jews - meaning, in their own right - and had received the Holy Spirit without first having to join the nation of Israel as was required in the Old Covenant. In the Old Covenant, Gentiles had to join the nation of Israel. And joining Israel required what? Circumcision and the law. That is why Team Pharisee was so adamant about circumcision and the law - they felt Gentiles were joining Israel. Team Apostle disagreed. They were not joining the nation of Israel, they were joining something else.
If you don't understand that paragraph, then read it again a few times until you do. It is absolutely, positively critical that you understand it.
Peter, Paul, and Barnabas witnessed the Gentiles being accepted by God into the New Covenant in a completely different way than Gentiles were accepted into Old Covenant. This was huge! This is the beating heart of the chapter (actually, of this section of Acts). And Team Pharisee did not understand it. They were trying to require the Old Covenant terms in the New Covenant.
Recall from the intro to this post how one person online said, "The Gentiles were converting to a sect of Judaism, so they naturally would be expected to attend synagogue and learn Torah." This is precisely the opinion of Team Pharisee! This quote misses what was really happening.
The quote is partly correct. Today, Christianity is seen as a very separate religion from Judaism, but back then it was not. Gentiles actually were converting to a sect of Judaism. But this is more nuanced than it seems.
The contention that needed to be resolved was - were Gentiles to become Israelites in the way of the Old Covenant, or were the prophecies about Gentile reclamation and the undeniable giving of the Holy Spirit indicating that becoming Israelites first was no longer required? To put that another way, would this sect of Judaism require Gentiles to become Jews in order to be Christians? The answer was no.
Yes, Gentiles were joining a sect of Judaism, but they were joining a sect that was fundamentally different than any other sect, and they were joining it in a way never seen before.
Gentiles were there to stay. The two nations had to become one. Jew and Gentile had to live together now. This wouldn't be a problem if Gentiles had to join Israel as the proselytes did. Team Pharisee's solution was rather practical. But if they were not to be proselytes, then how do the two live together in peace? What should be expected of Gentiles?
It was the decision of the Holy Spirit and the Council that the Gentiles were required only to keep the points from the law that all Gentiles were required to observe while in Israel: the laws required of resident aliens in Israel from Leviticus 17-18. (These are said to originate in the Noachide Laws. The Noachide Laws had always been the bare minimum of what would be expected of a Gentile in Israel, to consider them righteous. But that's for another day.)
Sabbatarians read Exodus 12:49 and conclude, "There was one law for the native and the stranger, so that must mean the law always applied to everyone." Not so. The Old Covenant was not imposed upon the nations generally. Torah law purposefully distinguished between Israelites and the nations, even excluding Gentiles in certain places - like with Passover. Only in particular situations were Gentiles brought under Israel's covenant obligations - like when a Gentile intended to worship God with Israel. If a Gentile wanted to join the Old Covenant, then one law applied for all. Only then must Gentiles be circumcised and keep the law. Otherwise, that was not required of them. The laws that consistently applied to Gentiles in Israel, whether they were joining Israel or not, were the laws of resident aliens from Leviticus 17-18.
Everyone at the Council knew this. So, that is what they decided would continue to be required. Why, because more law would come later? No. Because Gentiles were not joining Israel. That was how the law had always worked.
This decision not only goes against Team Pharisee, but it also answers the quote at the start of this section. No, they were not joining a sect of Judaism in the same way a proselyte joins Israel. The Gentiles were to remain a distinct people, and be reclaimed in their own right, by faith in Jesus Christ rather than joining with physical Israel. And the opposite is also true. The Jews could retain their laws and customs, and yet be Christian (ACT. 21:20-21). The Gentiles did not have to become Jews, and the Jews did not have to become Gentiles (ACT. 21:25).
Dear reader, I want to reiterate the most important thing of all: the nature of what is being joined has changed. And it had changed for everyone; even the Jews.
We join the Body of Christ (aka "Spiritual Israel") through faith in Christ, not the nation of Israel (aka "Physical Israel") through laws and rituals and symbolism.
And that is what Peter's claim was all about when he said, "But we believe that through the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ we shall be saved in the same manner as they." (v.11) There was now a Spiritual Israel, and both Jew and Gentile were being brought into it in their own right.
This is a very deep and groundbreaking point for the Council to realize, and easy for a reader to miss.
Notice, at no point does James say the Gentiles would learn more Mosaic law later or attend synagogue. Don't you now see why not?
ONE CHURCH, TWO PEOPLES
Sabbatarians side with Team Pharisee not only because they need the law to get a weekly Sabbath, but because they believe all Christians must behave in one way. They do not accept that there was one church with two distinct peoples who were allowed to retain their individual characteristics yet be one church. James spells this out in Acts 21 - the Jewish converts were zealous for the law but the Gentiles were taught no such thing.
That the Jews were allowed to retain their Old Covenant traditions and remain Hebrew was the whole reason they needed to impose anything on the Gentiles in the first place, else the Jewish converts would not be offended by what the Gentiles did.
The Council's decision only makes sense in a church where Gentiles were not required to join Israel. Otherwise, we have to try to make sense of it, and the "starter pack of laws" is the result. This is a solution for conditions that did not exist in the first place.
That, dear reader - the insistence that everyone in the early church did everything in the same way - is the true source of the confusion here.
SHOW US THE PROOF
I ask, in what source, biblical or otherwise, do we see evidence of that it was regular practice for Gentile converts to Christianity to attend synagogue? Answer: none.
If Acts 15:21 means that Gentile Christians would eventually learn the Mosaic law by attending synagogue, one would expect to find evidence somewhere in the historical record, or this interpretation mentioned in a commentary or an epistle - especially from the early church. The Christian church has been reading Acts for nearly two thousand years. We should find evidence somewhere. So, when does this explanation actually appear?
I have searched for an early Christian commentary that matches the claim we are examining today. I have not found a single one.
In his Commentary, in the section on Acts 15, John Calvin comes close to this, but he clearly thought only Jews would learn more later, not Gentiles. And this was because he felt it would take a while for the Old Covenant traditions to die off.
The earliest discussions that I have been able to locate of anything resembling modern Sabbatarian claims appear in the early 1800s, most notably from J. K. L. Gieseler (1818–1820). The idea that Gentiles could continue learning Torah at synagogue first appears in twentieth-century commentaries.
For an interpretation that many today call "obvious" and "original", it is remarkably difficult to locate in the older literature.
Later in Acts, Paul frequently encounters Gentiles in the synagogues, but he goes there to preach Jesus, not to further instruct those who had already accepted Him. The audience were Jews, proselytes, and God-fearing Gentiles hearing the gospel for the first time. They were desperate for more ...until certain ones realized what was really going on. Then, they tried to ruin Paul.
Acts never describes such a practice of sending Gentiles to learn the law. The Epistles never mention or command it. The earliest Christian writings never discuss it. The interpretation depends upon a historical practice for which no evidence has been produced. Show us some credible sources to back up this claim.
When I produce evidence from the early church for my claims, I hear those are all lies told by liars. Hey, believe what you want, but at least I produced something.
Now, that said, I have found evidence of Jewish converts to Christianity keeping a Sabbath, and some may have been attending synagogue (remember, there is no law about going to church/synagogue on Sabbath). However, the indications are they would also attend Christian church on Sunday. But I have found nothing that says it was a regular practice to send Gentile converts to synagogue.
Instead, what we are told is the early church met in private homes. That is the evidence we have. Not synagogues.
So, the claim that James expected Gentile Christians to learn the rest of the law later in synagogue is unsupported by the contexts of Acts 15, or the rest of scripture, or the historical record. All evidence to the contrary is dismissed. It is an assumption read into the evidence, not a conclusion drawn from it.
CONCLUSION
To answer the opening question, "How else would you interpret it?" I would interpret it by not trying to force the New Covenant to be the same as the one it replaced.
The issues before the Council were far deeper and the Council’s decision was far more profound than many people realize: the nature of God's people and how to join the Covenant had fundamentally changed. It was now centered on Jesus Christ.
Both Physical Israel and the Gentiles are joining the Body of Christ, which we commonly call "Spiritual Israel". Gentiles join the Body of Christ directly, without first joining Physical Israel, as was required in the previous Covenant. God had accepted the Gentiles as Gentiles, by faith in Jesus Christ. This was evidenced by the giving of the Holy Spirit. And none of the law was required beforehand.
That is the real news of Acts 15. Acts 15 is the culmination of events starting in Acts 10.
Verse 21 is a reminder to the Jews that they should not be surprised by the reclamation of the Gentiles, since these things were foretold and had been read in synagogue for centuries.
In short, Acts 15:21 does not teach that Gentile converts were given a temporary 'starter pack' and would later pick up the rest of the law in the synagogue. That reading interrupts the flow of James’s argument, contradicts the Council’s explicit rejection of requiring the law, and lacks support in either the New Testament or the historical record. Acts 15:21 is being used to smuggle into the Council's decision something that the Council had just rejected.
Yet, the Sabbatarians continue to say, "Moses being read in the synagogue on Sabbath means the Gentiles would be taught to keep the Sabbath law later on when they attend synagogue with the people who reject Jesus."
Except:
- It misses the point of Acts 15.
- It doesn't fit the context of the chapter at all.
- It is based mainly on things the chapter does not say.
- It literally undoes the decision of the Council.
- It sides with those who troubled the Gentiles.
- Nothing in the chapter says there would be more later.
- James' reiterates the same decision years later, explicitly denying Gentiles were taught the law.
- Verse 21 speaks about the past, not the future.
- Verse 21 speaks of Israel, not the Gentiles.
- There is no guarantee there would be synagogues in Gentile lands for Gentiles to attend.
- There is no guarantee Gentile Christians would be allowed in synagogue to begin with.
- The teachings in synagogue are not what Sabbatarians would agree with.
- Most of the people who make this claim don't go to synagogue themselves.
- There is no historical record indicating Gentile converts to Christianity attended synagogue.
- I can find no record prior to the 1800s of anyone interpreting verse 21 in this way.
- It fundamentally misunderstands the nature of the New Covenant and the Body of Christ.
To help you move forward, I suggest these articles:
The Legalist Dance
Common Legalist Arguments - Part VIII
Confusing The Covenants
The Plain Truth About Peter's Hypocrisy
Shadows, Nails and the Fall Holy Days
Law of Moses - Law of God - Part I
Law of God - Law of Moses - Part II
Two Trees - Two Covenants
If You Love Me, Keep My Commandments
Sin Is The Transgression of The Law?
Conversion to Judaism or Christianity? (on the God Cannot Be Contained blog)
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It is important that you understand; Everything on this blog is based on the current understanding of each author. Never take anyone's word for it, always prove it for yourself, it is your responsibility. You cannot ride someone else's coattail into the Kingdom. ; )
Acts 17:11
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