Common Anti-Christmas Arguments

Good [insert time of day here], students. My name is xHWA. I will be your defense against the dark arts teacher this term. Today, I have a super-concise article to help you defend yourself against the most popular anti-Christmas claims.

A friend sent a video made by some guys talking about origins of Christmas trees. The hosts mentioned a couple, like St. Boniface and Passion Plays. I didn't watch the full video (after so many years of doing this, I rarely watch long videos because they just review what I've already seen 1,000 times). Instead, I went to the comments section to see what flak they received. That's where I prefer to rut around. I get a kick out of seeing the objections roll in from back seat scholars. They're always the same. You can count on it. The top five are almost always these:

• Nimrod and Semiramis
• Jeremiah 10
• Saturnalia
• Solstice festivals
• Constantine

It's odd to me how many people fall for these. Everything you need has been available for decades now, or much longer. Yet, they still linger. The most difficult one to answer out of all of these is Saturnalia, and it's not really all that difficult to answer. How ironic that most of them say, "Look it up." Well, we did! And here's what we found. In short --
All of those are false. Fake. Fraudulent. Phony.

Nimrod and Semiramis - completely fictitious. Not a shred of evidence whatsoever in support, and every reason in the world to ignore it. All this Nimrod nonsense comes from Alexander Hislop. His material was demonstrated to be false the very decade he published it, over 170 years ago. He's been proven false again by Ralph Woodrow. You can't even find Nimrod's real name in history, let alone particular details of his life. There are multiple options for which person in history was the biblical Nimrod, but who can know? And Semiramis - she lived hundreds of years years after Nimrod. Depending on what identity you choose for Nimrod, it could be almost 2,000 years after. Awful hard to marry and have kids with those timeframes.
(See "Some Background On Hislop", "The Babylon Connection", "On Nimrod and Christmas Trees" and "Nimrod's Birthday Was January 6?" for more.)

Jeremiah 10 condemns Christmas trees - false. Jeremiah mentions trees and gold, and people conclude Christmas tree. But the context of Jeremiah, taken together with nearly identical depictions in Isaiah, show clearly the item in Jeremiah 10 is a carved idol god. An idol god, carved with tools, into a human form with a mouth and feet, overlayed in beaten gold, dressed, set up, carried around, prayed to and looked to for help, is not a Christmas tree by any stretch of the imagination. Can we find a tradition in the Middle East around 600BC that resembles the Christmas tree? No. So, it's bunk in imagery and from lack of evidence.
(See "Jeremiah 10 and Christmas Trees?" and "Jeremiah 10 Then and Again" and "A Dialogue on Jeremiah 10" for more.)

Saturnalia - fallacious. Christmas does not come from Saturnalia. Saturnalia was on December 17th. After Caesar's calendar reforms, it ran to the 19th. At its longest, and only for a short while, it lasted to the 23rd. At no time was Saturnalia ever on the 24th or 25th. Saturnalia did not merge with Christmas; it merged backwards in the month with Bruma, on November 24th. Only one tradition from Saturnalia made it into Christmas, but not on Christmas day, and that is the inversion of social order. The "Lord of Misrule" tradition, where a servant becomes the master for a day, was usually done on the 12th day of Christmas - January 5. Gift giving at Christmas does not come from Saturnalia, either. It comes from New Year. Gift giving wasn't done on Christmas day until the 1800s. Romans decorated with greenery swags at Saturnalia, sure enough. But Romans decorated with swags all the time. Decorating was not specific to Saturnalia. Google "Roman fresco" and see for yourself. Most of them have greenery swags of some kind; usually laurel. It was year-round. If anyone says, "I'm not honoring the nativity of our Lord and Savior, whose birth is the second greatest miracle in mankind's history, because of greenery," well then that's more of a matter of priorities.
(See "The Plain Truth About December 25" for more.)

Solstice festivals - fraudulent. Christmas is not nor was it ever on the actual solstice. December 25 was the traditional date of the solstice in Rome, but only because Julius Caesar set it that way when he reformed the calendar. Did you notice the solstice is on December 21? That's because Caesar's calendar lost a year every 130 years or so. Christmas is not a solstice festival. Rome had no solstice festival. There was no festival on December 25 until after it became associated with Jesus. December 25 was not chosen because of any festival. There was nothing for them to steal from. We have records from Hippolytus on why it was chosen - and it has to do with the crucifixion and "Integral Ages". Hippolytus was so important in Rome that they made a statue of him and carved his calculations into it.
(See "The Plain Truth About December 25" and "The Quartodecimans and Epiphany" for more.)

Constantine started Christmas - phony. December 25th was chosen as the date of the nativity in the western church 50+ years years before Constantine was born. If the scholarly consensus on the Donatists from north Africa is correct, then Christmas became a festival several years before Constantine became emperor. As for all the false claims about Nicaea - proof please. There is none. Constantine gets more hate than almost anyone else in history, but most of it is for things he never did. What ever happened to "you shall not bare false witness"?
(See "Christmas With The Donatists" for more.)

There are a handful of other silly excuses for Christmas.

Druids is one. Come on, people. The Druids? Seriously? Do people do any kind of actual research at all? The Druids were practically gone when Christmas was starting. They were 1,500 miles away. Christians hadn't set foot in Britain yet, so far as we know. Christmas has no connection to the Druids at all. Even mistletoe at Christmas does not come from the Druids. It came from being used medicinally for the 1,000 years from when the Druids disappeared to when mistletoe became a Christmas ornament after the British civil war. Usually, the claim is about Druid solstice festivals. They had no known solstice celebration. They had winter celebrations, yes, but in late October or early November, and again perhaps in January.
(See "Misinformed On Mistletoe" for more.)

Generic, nameless pagans is another. This one is just a desperate stretch. "It can be traced to pagans." Which pagans? They don't know. Name your pagan and then dig up the history, else why burden us with your miseducation. Just because some things are similar does not mean they are related. Correlation does not prove causation. Or, to put it another way, it isn't enough just to say something looks similar, you have to prove - from genuine evidence - that one thing actually comes from another thing. "I was a pagan and pagans like trees and winter festivals!" Which pagans, in which area, at which time, doing which specific thing? Pagans took quite a few things from Christians, don't you know. Wicca? Wicca was invented in the 1900s. Pretty sure I can show how Christmas is a little older than that. Not everything is pagan just because pagans do it. Pagans like worship ceremonies. Are worship ceremonies pagan? Better stop going to church! Pagans pray. Is praying pagan? Better stop praying! Pagans wear clothes. Are clothes pagan? Better sto... no, on second thought, please keep doing this one. If people actually stuck to the "pagans do it, so we can't" standard, they wouldn't be able to function.
(See "Everything I Don't Like Is Pagan", "Superstitions Be Gone!" and "Peddlers of Paganism" for more.)

I think this confusion can be laid at the feet of several things, but, in my opinion, the biggest culprits are 1) The Reformation, and 2) garbage "history" produced from 1600-1900 that's still being passed around on, 3) social media. You can trust everything you read on social media. (I read that on social media. It's a quote form Abraham Lincoln.)

The Reformation is when everything started coming apart. I'm not going to get into the details here, but in digging through various histories as long as I have, the pattern has become clear. In short, after the Reformation, no idea was too outrageous. 45k denominations later and it's still going.
The histories produced from the 1600s throughout the 1800s are a mixed bag. Some are of fantastic quality. Surprising, really, given what they had to work with back then. But many others are ridiculously poor quality. And it seems those are the ones that float around social media the most. It doesn't help that the many "one true church" -es out there promote the garbage heavily.

Lastly, there are the holier-than-thou type. They take personal offense, on God's behalf, that we are celebrating a day with no direct command to do so. Because they are offended it must mean God is, too. It doesn't seem to matter that there is no command against it. It doesn't seem to matter that the Bible shows not one but two holidays the Jews invented for themselves - Purim and Hanukkah. No command from God needed. And not only does the Bible give its full support, but Jesus Himself is seen observing Hanukkah at the Temple - which means Jesus, as a Jew, likely celebrated both. God Himself celebrating manmade holidays that He did not command. We see that establishing and imposing a new, un-commanded holiday to honor God is completely biblical in every way. I think people should be required to know what their Bibles actually say before they preach about it, let alone be taken seriously about that preaching. So, thanks but no thanks on this one.
(See "Established and Imposed" for more.)

And if there are any more things (and there are, but most of them are not so popular) then we have an article for that, too. Want to know the real history of Christmas? (See "Christmas Eras Tour" or "Christmas With The Donatists" or "The Quartodecimans and Epiphany".) Want to know the real history of Christmas trees? Hint: it wasn't Nimrod or St. Boniface or Martin Luther. (See "Falsely Accused?".) Have a more esoteric question? (See our most comprehensive Christmas article of all, "Christmas FAQ".)

So, there you have it. A handy little reference to help you defend yourself against anti-Christmas ridiculousness. Our articles come with references so you can trace our work. And our references are never, "I read it in an encyclopedia," or worse, "ChatGPT told me so". We insist on the oldest, most reliable material available. I hope this is useful to you.

God bless, and have a very Merry Christmas!

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It is important that you understand; Everything on this blog is based on the current understanding of each author. Never take anyone's word for it, always prove it for yourself, it is your responsibility. You cannot ride someone else's coattail into the Kingdom. ; )

Acts 17:11

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The Quartodecimans and Epiphany

Back in early 2024, I did a series of posts on a group commonly known as the Quartodecimans. The Quartodecimans were Christians, mainly from the east, who are best known because they emphasized that the Last Supper should be observed annually, on the date of Nisan 14 whenever possible. This led to the "Quartodeciman Controversy". I started out that series by saying any good discussion on Easter ought to mention the Quartodecimans. And it should!
But I bet you didn't know any good discussion on Christmas should mention them, too.

The Quartodecimans celebrated Christmas?? Well, perhaps some did, but not overall. They celebrated the nativity of our Lord, yes, but not usually on December 25 as Christmas. Instead, they celebrated it on January 6 as Epiphany.

Let's go on an adventure and see how the Quartodecimans were involved with Epiphany.

TOOLBOX

There are some things you are going to need to know in order to fully understand today's post. Tools to work with, so to speak. I usually assume people read my other articles, but I will summarize to save you time. Skip this if you're already familiar.

The first thing you will need to know is Epiphany.

Epiphany started in the eastern church as a memorial of our Lord's incarnation and birth. Same idea as Christmas, but on a different date. Later, it was decided Christmas would honor the nativity, and Epiphany became the day to honor major events of Jesus' life including the arrival of the Magi, His baptism, and the wedding at Cana. That's how things are to this day in Catholic and Orthodox churches, but Epiphany has been mostly abandoned by Protestants (which is why I'm explaining it in the first place).

The second thing you will need to know is "integral ages".
The ancient Jews had an unusual idea where multiple important events happen on the same date. These are called "integral ages". In the minds of the ancient Jews, important people were believed to have been conceived or born on the same date on which they died. I know this sounds odd, but you must understand that, whether it's true or not, it is built on quite a lot of evidence.

The third thing you will need to know is Calculation Theory (CT).
CT is a theory about how the date for the nativity of Christ was originally chosen. According to CT, Christian scholars came to the date on their own through calculations. They first determined the date of His crucifixion, then used integral ages to reach the birth. Hippolytus championed March 25, and that date caught on in the west. In the east, however, the popular date was April 6. Today's post is mostly going to be about this April 6 date.
Now, you add in integral ages, and you get Jesus being conceived on a certain date (March 25 / April 6), then nine months later comes His nativity (December 25 / January 6).

Now that you are fully armed and operational, let's dive into April 6.

PIECES OF APRIL

I am going to give you scholarly references but I'm going to try my best to explain things plainly.

In the early 200s AD, calendar issues were taking the spotlight. Many Christians were attempting to determine when the crucifixion occurred, and for several reasons. Everyone knew Passover was Nisan 14, yet it was becoming clear there was an issue with the Jewish calendar - Nisan 14 was no longer reliably anchored to the start of spring following the Bar Kokhba revolt. Correcting Nisan 14, then converting that into the other calendars in the empire, was quite difficult. At the same time, there were theological debates that needed answers, such as the human and divine natures of Jesus. And then, there were natural curiosities, such as Hippolytus trying to find every Passover back to the 4th day of creation. The answer to all of these included calculating dates.

We know Christian scholars were calculating dates because we have the written evidence. In the west, Tertullian and Hippolytus converted Nisan 14 to March 25 in the Julian calendar.
That is not how they did it in the east.

"In the East, too, the dates of Jesus’ conception and death were linked. But instead of working from the 14th of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar, the easterners used the 14th of the first spring month (Artemisios) in their local Greek calendar—April 6 to us. April 6 is, of course, exactly nine months before January 6 - the eastern date for Christmas."
-Biblical Archaeology Review, "How December 25 Became Christmas", 7-10-2025. 

Please allow me to explain this more plainly.
Eastern Christians used a completely different calendar than the Jews or the western Christians - the Macedonian lunar calendar. They took the idea behind Nisan 14 (the fourteenth day of the first Jewish spring month) and replaced it with their equivalent (the fourteenth day of their own first spring month). Thus, Nisan 14 was traded for Artemisios 14. This was not a date-to-date swap, but an idea-to-idea swap. (Artemesios 14 and Nissan 14 would not usually be on the same day, but they are always the 14th day of the first spring month.)
Later, others converted Artemisios 14 into April 6 in the Julian calendar. (If you're interested, Thomas Talley explains how that worked on page 8 of his book "Origins of the Liturgical Year". But that's not important right now.)

This is the majority scholarly consensus on what they did. Understand that this is circumstantial evidence. No ancient source explicitly says, "This is what we did." But this is the best reconstruction from the scattered evidence that we do have. Here's how it went:

• Many eastern Christians put Artemisios 14 in place of Nisan 14.
• Artemisios 14 is April 6 in the Julian calendar.
• Observance on Artemisios 14 / April 6 is well attested in regions like Syria and Egypt.
• These regions were known to have populations of Quartodecimans, and it would logically be Quartodecimans who were most interested in Nisan 14 date conversions.
• Besides Quartodecimans, the only other group who might have observed April 6 were the Montanists, but they were relatively few in number, and most agree the Montanists inherited this practice from the Quartodecimans.

Simple and condensed takeaway:
The Artemisios 14 / April 6 date most likely comes from the Quartodecimans.

Now, let's get some source material in here to back this up.

Talley, who got this ball rolling for me in the first place, agrees:

"In both Asia and Cappadocia the concern was not to observe a given Julian date, April 6 or March 25, but to observe the fourteenth day of the first month of spring..."
-Thomas Talley, "Further Light on the Quartodeciman Pascha and the Date of the Annunciation", p. 4

"Although for him [Sozomen] that paschal date of April 6, the old Asian 14 Artemisios, was peculiar to a Montanist group, there is every reason to believe that the early Quartodeciman Christians in Asia had observed the same date..."
-Thomas Talley, "Origins of the Liturgical Year", pp.8-9.

Every reason to believe Quartodecimans were observing Artemisios 14 / April 6? Interesting! Talley is so convinced of this, he calls April 6 "that Quartodeciman date" ("Origins" p. 97).
Talley refers us to Epiphanius. In his book "Panarion", Epiphanius says this about the Quartodeciman beliefs:

"And there is no little dissension in their [the Quartodecimans'] ranks, since some say the fourteenth day of the month [this is the eastern date], but some, the eighth before the Kalends of April [this is the western calculation]."
-Epiphanius of Salamis "Panarion" Quartodecimans 50.7 (374-378 AD). 

Epiphanius is writing about the Quartodecimans here, specifically. This makes it abundantly clear at least some Quartodecimans did observe April 6. But not all Quartodecimans. Some had adopted Hippolytus' date of March 25.

We can list several other names that support these conclusions: Louis Duchesne (Conferences), Hans Lietzmann (A History of the Early Church), Paul F. Bradshaw and Maxwell E. Johnson (The Origins of Feasts, Fasts, and Seasons in Early Christianity), Andrew McGowan (Ancient Christian Worship), Susan K. Roll (The Feast of the Nativity), Hans Förster (The Celebration of Christ’s Birth in the Early Church), Paul Barnett Simmons (The Origins of Christmas and the Date of Christ's Birth), and of course, reputable online resources like Biblical Archaeology Review.

Here is your simple, condensed takeaway:
Many Quartodecimans were almost certainly observing Artemisios 14 / April 6. But why is that important? Because in the same way March 25 becomes December 25 when integral ages are applied, April 6 becomes January 6 - the date of Epiphany. This means the Quartodecimans are the primary suspects for why we have Epiphany on January 6.

This is clearly Talley's position.

"The same relationship is visible between April 6 and January 6 without any reference (pace Norden!) to the quarter days [solstices and equinoxes]. Rather, these winter dates can both be seen as the result of the same paschal calculation, with the conception/annunciation on March 25 leading to the nativity on December 25 in the West, and the conception/passion on April 6 leading to the nativity on January 6 in the East. [...] The persistence of the April 6 date in the East for the passion, long after the Quartodeciman controversy had been resolved in favor of the Sunday observance, suggests that it was the paschal full moon date of the Asian calendar that underlay the January 6 nativity observance."
-Thomas Talley, "Origins of the Liturgical Year", pp.129. [bold mine]

"As the association of April 6 with the conception would lead to the dating of the nativity on January 6, so such an association of the conception with March 25 would lead to dating the nativity to December 25."
-Thomas Talley, ("Further Light on the Quartodeciman Pascha and the Date of the Annunciation", p. 4. [bold mine]

Other scholars, such as Paul F. Bradshaw and Maxwell E. Johnson (The Origins of Feasts, Fasts, and Seasons in Early Christianity), agree with Talley that Quartodecimans honored the nativity and did so on Epiphany.

So, although nothing explicitly says this, it very much looks like the Quartodecimans not only observed the nativity of our Lord on Epiphany, but they are the reason why we have Epiphany in the first place. Remember from the Toolbox section: Epiphany started in the eastern church as a memorial of our Lord's incarnation and birth. It started in Quartodeciman strongholds, and it persisted there. They were observing "Christmas" so to speak ...but on Epiphany.

The pagan co-opt theory (also called the History of Religions Theory or HRT) cannot explain both Christmas and Epiphany. Nor can it respond to the abundance of records from the early 200s which plainly show Christians in various places working out these dates. These calculations happened decades before there was any Roman celebration on December 25, and there was no corresponding pagan festival for Epiphany to co-opt. Epiphany demonstrates the Nativity was not some generic solstice co-opt, either. Compare that to the grand total of zero ancient records positively demonstrating a pagan co-opt.

HRT cannot overcome these points. The claim that Christmas and Epiphany are pagan is built on sand.

ROBOT ROCK

Given what I wrote about in my article "Writing in the AI Age", I decided to run my conclusions past multiple AI platforms. After those AI platforms gave me rave reviews for accuracy and unassailability (some, of course, telling me I could neutral it up a bit), I decided to ask follow-up questions to only two platforms. I asked ChatGPT and Grok what I thought were simple questions:

How can I know when those old sources say something like "14th of the month" (or similar) that they were referring to Nisan 14 and not Artemisios 14?

Did the conversion of Nisan 14 to Artemisios 14 happen early enough that it could have led to or influenced the choice of Epiphany on January 6?

I was wholly unprepared for the AI vs AI battle that I would spark. I liken it to a dispute on the scale of the Quartodeciman controversy.

ChatGPT went on a wild tangent, completely reversing everything it had just minutes earlier assured me was accurate and unassailable. It reassured me I was still correct, but I was also wrong and would have to rewrite everything. That startled me. How could I be wrong with so much scholarly support? So, I took its concerns to Grok. Grok disagreed. Strongly. Grok insisted my article was perfectly defensible and aligned with the majority scholarly opinion.

I found myself copy/pasting responses between the two platforms for several minutes (yes, the AIs argued with each other). One would say the other was wrong, and back and forth we went. Until ... after several rounds of back-and-forth, ChatGPT, the cautious one, finally conceded Grok's point that the consensus of modern liturgical historians is exactly what I had written in the first place. Thus, ChatGPT timidly reversed itself a second time, and Grok had a hardy crow for its victory.

Turns out even the robots need to read Talley, Bradshaw, and Roll before they render a verdict.

[This is not an endorsement of any AI system. They each have strengths and weaknesses. If you use AI, make sure you a) understand how it works, and b) require it to triple-check everything it tells you.]

TENTATIVE DECISIONS

Why do I care about these Quartodecimans and their ties to Epiphany so much in the first place? Please allow me to explain, briefly.

Readers here already know this but others may be unfamiliar - As Bereans Did is a polemics blog dedicated to the investigation of what we call Armstrongism, after its founder Herbert Armstrong. Armstrongism - a branch of Seventh Day Adventism - has long claimed to be modern theological descendants of the Quartodecimans.

"Among the Gentiles the churches in Asia remained the most faithful to the word of God. We pick up the story of the true Church in the lives of such men as Polycarp and Polycrates. They were called 'Quartodecimani' because they kept the true Passover celebration instead of Easter."
-Herbert Armstrong, "True History of the True Church", 1959, p.15 

The claim is still alive and well. The United Church of God repeated it recently in their article "Church Driven Underground" from July 27, 2025. Author Tom Robinson said:

"Faithful Christians in the first few centuries after Christ were sometimes called Quartodecimans, from the Latin for 'fourteen,' as they continued to observe Passover on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Nisan..."

"Faithful Christians" is code for "one true church" which is code for Armstrongism. Armstrongism is not descended from the Quartodecimans, of course, neither directly nor indirectly. But this claim by Herbert Armstrong, the "founder, Pastor General, and spiritual and temporal leader of the church since its inception", forces the system to own the Quartodecimans ...and everything we learn about them, which now includes the Nativity (Epiphany at first, then later Christmas).

If we only listen to Armstrongists, we would believe the Quartodecimans were opposed to honoring the resurrection on Sunday (Easter). But upon further inspection, it turns out they were not. They did observe the resurrection on Sunday, they just put an emphasis on a Nisan 14 date for the Last Supper. (See our Quartodeciman posts for more.)
And if we only listen to Armstrongists, we would believe Epiphany was pagan and the nativity resolutely to be ignored. In my post "Nimrod's Birthday Was January 6?", we explored how Herman Hoeh "the most accurately-informed historian in the world" tied both Christmas and Epiphany to Nimrod. That is patently false, of course. Absurdly false. But it was the official line from the church for decades! No going back now. Today, we have seen the Quartodecimans were not in any way opposed to observing the Nativity of Christ, and they did it on Epiphany.

Out of one side of the mouth, Armstrongism calls the Quartodecimans "the true church", but out of the other, they call anyone who observes Easter and Christmas/Epiphany "Nimrod-worshipping pagans". Now we see that must include the Quartodecimans. 

So, Armstrongists have a decision to make:
A) Own that the very "true church" itself observed Easter and the Nativity, and admit Herbert Armstrong et al were wrong.
-Or-
B) Stop claiming Armstrongism is theologically descended from the Quartodecimans, and admit Herbert Armstrong et al were wrong.

Paganism or one true church - which? One of those two pillars must fall. I’ll let you decide.

CONCLUSION

What did we see today?
1) Quartodecimans likely started Epiphany.
2) HRT cannot withstand this.
3) Any church who claims the Quartodecimans as their ancestors must deal with this.

Let’s put it all together one last time.

Early Christians determined the dates of Jesus' crucifixion - March 25 in the west and April 6 in the east. Then, they used the principle of integral ages and careful reasoning - not pagan festivals - to arrive at the dates for Jesus’ birth - December 25 Christmas in the west and January 6 Epiphany in the east.

The people who first championed the western date of March 25 were Tertullian and Hippolytus. The primary suspects for who first championed the eastern date of April 6 are the Quartodecimans - the same people Herbert Armstrong and his successors have long hailed as the one faithful “true church” that kept the pure apostolic faith. Pascha on the 14th wasn't the only thing the Quartodecimans did. They had an entire life beyond that day, which included honoring Easter Sunday and, it seems likely, celebrating the Nativity of Christ on Epiphany.

After Nicaea, the Quartodecimans gradually blended into the greater church and began keeping both Epiphany and Christmas. But Epiphany is with us to this day.

Armstrongism can’t have it both ways.
You can either keep claiming the Quartodecimans as spiritual ancestors, but then you must also own Easter and Epiphany - or - you can keep calling Christmas and Epiphany pagan, but then you must admit the Quartodecimans were pagan as well, and out goes "true history of the true church".
Either way, Herbert Armstrong et al were wrong.

As for the rest of us who believe - whether you observe December 25, January 6, both, or neither - may we all rejoice that the Word became flesh and dwelt among us. Christmas and Epiphany are not birthdays; they honor ideas - BIG, theological ideas - of the incarnation and the birth of God. The early church, Quartodecimans very much included, did not forget this astonishing truth.

It’s a good day to remember it again.

Merry Christmas! Happy Epiphany! And grace and peace to you in the Name that is above every name, Who became flesh like we are so He could die to save us all. This is the true meaning of Christmas and Epiphany.

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It is important that you understand; Everything on this blog is based on the current understanding of each author. Never take anyone's word for it, always prove it for yourself, it is your responsibility. You cannot ride someone else's coattail into the Kingdom. ; )

Acts 17:11

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Jeremiah 10 Then and Again

It has been fifteen years since my Jeremiah 10 and Christmas Trees? post. Fifteen years since we dove into the context and exposed the blatant manipulation and abysmal eisegesis going on, the ignoring of context, the misleading commentary, the absolute disregard for history, the cherry-picking, the constantly shifting standards, the utter refusal to consider contradictory information, and the claiming, “I’m just reading God’s word straight from the Bible,” when that is the exact opposite of what's going on.
It takes an Olympic effort to wrestle Christmas trees into Jeremiah 10, but it only takes reading past verse 5 to get them out again.

The good news is that post has been popular, having been viewed 30k times, and it has helped a decent number of people to put away their worries, throw off the weight of false teaching, and move on with their lives, refreshed and renewed in the freedom we have in our Lord and Savior.
The bad news is, I am still seeing that old canard out there in the wild. People are still falling for the nonsense. Strangely, I see it less and less from Armstrongist resources but more and more from fringe Evangelical ones. I shudder for the sad state of Biblical literacy in some areas of Christendom presently.

Child Survivor, my friend and guest author here at ABD, reached out to me the other day because he had posted Isaiah 60: 13 "The glory of Lebanon shall come to you, the cypress, the pine, and the box tree together, to beautify the place of My sanctuary; and I will make the place of My feet glorious."

Some commenter popped in and responded about how angry God is with Christmas trees, and posted Jeremiah 10: 1-5, of course. They said, "I stopped putting a tree in my house because I want to hear what God says makes Him angry and try not to do it! It's what I do."

The guy meant well enough. No one should set out to make God angry. I don't fault anyone for that. But notice two things. First, he posted Jeremiah 10: 1-5 in opposition to Isaiah 60: 13. Is God divided against Himself? Does Isaiah get cancelled out somehow by Jeremiah? Of course not. They aren't in opposition. Second, the question becomes - are we really trying to listen to what makes God angry? Do trees really do that? Or are we telling God what makes Him angry?

Where in the Bible does God say He is angry at Christmas trees? Nowhere. In Isaiah 60: 13 - the verse CS posted at the outset - it clearly states that God wants trees in His house; some translations say pine trees specifically. This is a prophecy, by the way. This is what God wants in His church and in His Kingdom. He wants them. And why? To beautify! So, God is not against evergreen trees or decorating with evergreen trees.

If we cannot claim God is angry at evergreen trees in general, then we are obligated to give solid evidence of Christmas trees in specific. So, we see the accusation is really a truth claim. The claim says there genuinely was a tree tradition in history in Jeremiah's day, and that tree tradition eventually became Christmas trees. But as a truth claim, there must be evidence to support the accusation or the accusation is empty and void and false. If Jeremiah was speaking against these Jeremiah Trees, then we will find records of those in history. Let's look for that record, then.

HISTORY

The first records we have of Christmas trees come from Germany in the early 1500s. (Some dispute the exact date and location, but let’s not fret over those specifics right now.) There is nothing earlier. Not a single record, artifact, folk tale, stray mention, or other speck of evidence suggests a tradition in the Middle East in the 600s BC that resembled a Christmas tree.

Likewise, there is no evidence trail connecting Germany in the 1500s AD backwards in time to a non-existent Jeremiah Tree. This accusation is a bust. This story has no beginning and no middle.

Let's just go out on a limb here and speculate for the sake of argument that Jeremiah was speaking out against a tree tradition (I do not believe he was, but this is just for sake of argument). We still have to tie whatever Jeremiah was talking about to Christmas trees. There must be a trail of evidence connecting the two, or else all we have is a vague similarity. But as we all know, "commonality is not causality". Vague similarities won't cut it. Jeremiah could be talking about a long-dead tree tradition with no relation to Christmas trees whatsoever. There needs to be evidence connecting the two. But there is no such trail of evidence. Nothing ties Christmas trees to Europe in the 1300s AD, let alone to the Middle East in the 600s BC. And that is because there was no such tradition to begin with.

If we cannot find a tree tradition in Jeremiah’s place and time, and we cannot tie that to our modern traditions, then we have no case, no substance, nothing to stand on. The claim about Jeremiah 10 and Christmas trees is baseless. Jeremiah was railing against something non-existent? Rather unfair to accuse people of something that hadn't been invented yet. I highly doubt he did that.
(If you want to explore the real history of Christmas, we have several articles on that.)

So, God is not against decorating with trees in general, nor was Jeremiah railing against a tree decoration in specific. It's almost as if Jeremiah was talking about something else entirely.
And he was! An idol statue.

IDOLATRY

The object in Jeremiah 10 was not a mere tree, but a wooden idol god, carved to look like a human, with feet and a mouth, and overlaid with precious metals. That is the context of Jeremiah 10. There is a parallel in Isaiah chapters 40-44 that says the same thing as Jeremiah 10, but more clearly. No one says, "Isaiah talks about Christmas trees". Yet, they both talk about the same thing. The only things these idols have in common with a Christmas Tree are shallow, surface similarities like they are both made of wood. (Plastic and metal ones excepted.)

I’ve seen it claimed in some websites that the Hebrew word behind “wooden idol” in Jeremiah 10:8 (ʿēṣ, Strong’s H6086) could be translated “tree.” That is technically true. But should it be? Hebrew is a highly contextual language, and the deciding factor is always the immediate context. I've shown in the past how some people misuse Strong's concordance, treating it like a list of options, but that is not how Hebrew or Strong's works. We must let the context decide for us, or else we could just as easily translate the word as "gallows". Yes, the same Hebrew word is used for the 75-foot wooden gallows Haman built in Esther 7:9-10. Context matters!
In this case, every major English translation and every reputable commentary concludes that the finished object is not merely a tree. It starts as wood taken from a tree, but the end product is an idol statue of some kind. That’s why no standard Bible version or genuinely scholarly work treats Jeremiah 10 as a warning against trees (including the King James Version for all you KJV purists out there). Please, once again, refer back to Isaiah 60: 13.

A Christmas Tree can't walk or talk. It is not carried around. It is not shaped with a chisel nor an axe, and doesn't have any beaten plates of gold and silver covering it. People expect neither harm nor good from it. In fact, I've never heard of a Christmas Tree that even remotely fits that description.

So, it has been talking about an idol statue all along. It was never about trees. Then, what’s really going on here with these accusations about trees?

PSYCHOLOGY

People are taking something familiar to them, doing a shallow reading of Jeremiah 10:1–4, and then projecting the Christmas tree back into the time and text where it doesn’t belong. It’s an anachronism dressed up as exegesis. It didn't come from scripture. It didn't come from history. It's simply an opinion, and a poorly formed one at that.

To guard against this weakness, the conclusion is made untouchable - to disagree is to oppose God Himself. But as we've seen, it isn't God who is opposed, but the person's opinion which they have assigned to God. They tell the Bible what to say, history what to record, and God what to think, then tell you that to oppose their claim is to oppose God. That's not how any of this works. That isn’t a rational process; it’s an emotional one. The hope is to get you afraid enough to switch off your rational brain and not question it further.
We say question it further! It's necessary.

And the anxieties just keep coming.

"Pagans decorated with trees!" So did God.
"Pagans liked greenery!" So did God.
"God said 'learn not the way of the Gentile." You are a Gentile - in the New Covenant!
"God said not to worship in groves." A tree is not a grove, and we worship at all times.
"Christmas trees are idols." No one worships the tree.
"People sing to the tree." No, people sing about the tree. All songs are about something.
"God is against new traditions." Have you read Esther??

Most of the traditions associated with modern Christmas have parallels in the Bible. In addition to novel holidays (EST. 9: 20-28; JON. 10: 22-23), and gift-giving (EST. 9: 22), God also lists the use of statues in His worship (EXO. 25: 17-19), garland, bells and fruit (EXO. 28: 33-34; 39: 25-26; II CHR. 3: 16), lights, flowers and ornamentation (EXO. 25: 31-37), greenery (LEV. 23: 40; NEH. 8: 13-15), and other things I could list but won't. All of these things are Biblical. All of these things please God. Yet, somehow, all of these things are condemned as pagan. Doesn't that strike you as odd?

When I have discussions or witness discussions with the ones convinced of mythical Jeremiah trees, they usually resort to one of three responses: 1) they ignore the evidence and continue on (willful ignorance), 2) they attack the messenger rather than refute the evidence (logical fallacy of ad hominem), or 3) they cite good ol' Alexander Hislop (fake history). Do those sound like reasonable, well-formed conclusions to you?

We have multiple articles on Alexander Hislop. If you stumble upon claims about Nimrod and Semiramis, just walk away. Relying on Hislop is not the defense some people think it is. I've spent not a few words on Hislop in the past few months alone, anticipating a post just like this one. I suggest you read through everything I've written since "Some Background On Hislop". His work is not to be trusted. He was sincere, but sincerely wrong.

Alas! When we first encounter these protests they seem like legitimate concerns, but upon closer inspection we see these protests are red herrings. They are but distractions and excuses. Every objection has what I genuinely feel is a legitimate response. Some people just needed to hear a good response and have never gotten one. Hopefully we have helped with that!
However, for the truly determined, it doesn't matter. Sadly, it seems all some people want is to maintain the narrative of condemnation. Ulterior motives are at work here. There are larger conflicts going on - for most, the real war is law vs grace. Christmas is just a misunderstood weapon to fight that war with.

CONCLUSION

Fifteen years on, the Jeremiah 10 and Christmas Trees claim is getting weaker but it limps along. It is a claim made in a bygone era when good information was in short supply, now promoted on the Internet by partisans who feed on people's fears. But God in His limitless mercy has seen fit to provide on this same Internet a means to escape those false claims.
I can't say it surprises me that people fall for it. I did! People fall for scams all the time. But it saddens me. I am glad As Bereans Did and many other places have resources to shine light on it, though.

Dillon, my good friend and guest writer here, wrote an article called "Dialogue On Jeremiah 10". It's insightful. I highly recommend giving it a read!

Fifteen years later, the myth endures - but so does the truth!

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It is important that you understand; Everything on this blog is based on the current understanding of each author. Never take anyone's word for it, always prove it for yourself, it is your responsibility. You cannot ride someone else's coattail into the Kingdom. ; )

Acts 17:11

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Christmas With The Donatists

♫ “You know Polycarp and Victor, Arius and Athanasius,
Origen and Clement, Constantine and Eusebius.
But do you recall the most famous North African schismatics of all…?” ♪

You should! If you want to understand how we got Christmas on December 25th. They are -- The Donatists.

THE WHO?

If you want to know who the Donatists were, there are several excellent resources online. I will summarize for you.

The Donatists were Christians in north Africa, centered in Carthage, known for being uncompromising in moral and liturgical practice.
During Emperor Diocletian's Great Persecution (303-313), some clergy gave in to pressure, surrendering sacred texts or even performing pagan sacrifices, while others denied their faith. When the church allowed several of these lapsed clergy to do penance and return to their offices, a large number of people in north Africa strongly objected, claiming every sacrament these bishops performed was invalid from then onward, and the entire church was impure because of it. They formally split from the church in 311. Donatists take their name from Donatus of Carthage, who was called to account by the Council of Arles in 314 for being a schismatic, but he refused to accept any decision against himself or his fellows. Augustine wrote against the Donatists several times, bringing us valuable clues to their beliefs. They eventually disappeared in the 7th century after the Muslims invaded.

There you go! Now you know who the Donatists were. A bit.

I bet you are wondering what does any of that have to do with Christmas. Ah! This is an unusual side quest, but it has some good drops. Today, we are going to look at the Donatists, and the Philocalian Calendar, then compare the two leading theories of how the festival of Christmas came about in the first place so we can see which fits the evidence best. The Donatists are a fine example of how history can get complicated, and how we need to deeply investigate the very nooks and crannies of history to understand how things actually progressed rather than relying on the old "I don't like that, so it's pagan" gut instinct.
Don't worry. I am going to do my best to uncomplicate this for you. Keep it simple.

The key to how the Donatists relate to Christmas is this: when they split off, they retained every tradition which they had at the time of the split, but they refused to adopt any new traditions from the main church after that point.

Let's unwrap that package.

THE FREEZE

Think of the Donatists like a time capsule buried sometime between 305 and 311. The Donatists split off and refused to take anything further from the rest of Christendom from then on. Of course, they innovated on their own over time, but adopted nothing from the wider church. The Donatists were like a snapshot of the church at the opening of the fourth century. I am going to call this "the Donatist freeze".
...and it looks like they observed Christmas on December 25.

It all comes down to hints left to us by Augustine. Augustine was a leading bishop in north Africa from 395-430. He wrote against the Donatists regularly. In two separate sermons on Epiphany (Sermon 202 and the 412 AD Epiphany Sermon), Augustine mentioned how the Donatists refused to observe Epiphany. He composed multiple sermons on Christmas, yet nowhere does he similarly criticize the Donatists for refusing Christmas.

This is a very intriguing factoid. It causes many leading scholars to comment.

"Since in North Africa as at Rome it seems certain that Christmas was established before the Epiphany, one is left with the strong sense that the Donatists did celebrate Christmas."
-Thomas Talley, "Origins of the Liturgical Year", p.87

Strong impressions are not definite statements, but if such an expert and several others besides are convinced then who am I to object? In fact, this is the majority position among scholars.

"The Donatists, as Augustine pointed out in the early 5th century, celebrated Christmas on December 25 as opposed to January 6 (when many of the Eastern churches celebrated the birth of Christ)."
-W.H.C. Frend "The Donatist Church", p.336

Frend, who had a particular expertise in the Donatists, comes across more confidently than he ought, but that was his style. He uses a more academic tone in other places.

Since the entire business came to a head with a formal schism in 311 AD, many scholars set the freeze in that year. But I argue it should be earlier. The formal split was the natural end of the scandal, not the beginning of it. I argue the freeze happened immediately after the Persecution ended in north Africa, from the time the lapsed bishops were first restored and the Donatists began seeing the rest of the church as tainted. The Persecution ended in Carthage in 305 AD (but continued on elsewhere until about 313), and that is the first year for the reconciliations in that region. So, that is the year I prefer. To be cautious, let's give a range, from 305-311. Talley mentions there are some who agree with this.

"In such a case, that festival [Christmas] must antedate the Donatist schism, and the date of its establishment would thus be earlier than 311. Indeed, some have supposed that its observance could date from as early as 300 or even earlier..."
-Thomas Talley, "Origins of the Liturgical Year", p.87

"The whole range of our studies suggests that this would have been before the accession of Constantine, and on a date known by implication, if not overtly recognized, since the second century, whether that festival appeared first at Rome (as is most commonly supposed) or in North Africa (which remains an interesting, if unproven, possibility)."
-Thomas Talley, "Further Light on the Quartodeciman Pascha and the Date of the Annunciation", p. 4 

Susan K. Roll also agrees.

"The implication underlying Augustine's reproach to the Donatists that they fail to celebrate the (apparently newly-imported) feast of the Epiphany with the mainline Church, but with no mention of any Donatist failure to celebrate Christmas, which would date the latter feast before the split in 311."
-Susan K. Roll, "Towards the Origins of Christmas", p.102.

Interesting, no? Now, let's organize those new thoughts of yours into three very important points:

1. Christmas took time to develop and spread. Christmas likely took decades to develop from a novelty to a fully formed feast, spreading from church to church.
   
2. It couldn't have happened during the Persecution. No major new tradition could have started and become widespread during the Persecution. The Persecution was technically still ongoing until 313.
3. It couldn't have happened after the Persecution. There wasn't enough time between the Persecution ending in Carthage in 305 and the split in 311 for Christmas to develop in north Africa.

Taken together, these points about the Donatist freeze strongly imply that the December 25th date for the nativity developed into a formal feast before the Persecution began in 303 AD.

Now do you see why the Donatists are important?

Because the Donatist freeze (305-311) happened during the Great Persecution of Diocletian (303-313), we can see Christmas likely became a feast in the west very close to 300 AD. And it is reasonable to conclude the ongoing Persecution worked to hinder both the spread of Christmas from the western church to the eastern, and the spread of Epiphany from the eastern church to the western. Epiphany never made it to the Donatists in northwest Africa before they split away, so they rejected it.

We're not done yet. Let's take a look at another piece of evidence so the Donatists can help build our case even further.

THE CALENDAR

The Philocalian Calendar contains the oldest extant, uncontested written record of December 25 as the birth of Jesus Christ. The Calendar has several parts to it. The part that ties Jesus to December 25 is a list of martyrs called the Depositio Martyrum (Commemoration of the Martyrs), which was written in 336 AD. (See "The Plain Truth About December 25" for more.)
This is a couple decades after the freeze. Some people think because this is the first uncontested written record then this must be when Christmas began. But as you can see from the Donatists, it is not the only piece to this puzzle.

For today's post, it's not just what the Philocalian Calendar says that is important, but how it says it.

It orders the entire church year around that December 25 date. The Calendar strongly implies the liturgical year started and ended at Christmas time.

"That calendar ran, as did the Depositio Martyrum, from December 25 to December 25, the date to which the martyrs' list assigns the nativity of Christ at Bethlehem. From 336, then, we may say that at Rome the nativity of Christ on December 25 marked the beginning of the liturgical year."
-Thomas Talley, "Origins of the Liturgical Year", p.85

This means that when the Commemoration of the Martyrs was compiled in 336 AD, Christmas was already in existence, it was fully accepted at Rome, and it was in motion to become the crux of the entire liturgical year in the west. To this day, the liturgical year in the Latin West starts at Advent - four Sundays before Christmas.

So, why go through these details about the Calendar? Because the Calendar shows us that by 336, Christmas had already become the pivot point of the liturgical year in the west. That has always seemed odd to me, like we are missing key information here. A thing cannot simply pop into existence this well formed and important. This didn't happen overnight. It took time for Christmas to gain this quality. Therefore, the Philocalian Calendar brings Christmas well prior to 336. But it's all so sudden. What happened before 336? Answer: the Donatist freeze. And this brings it back even further to the turn of that century. Together, they make a compelling case for Christmas developing from a theory to a feast quite early on.

Many people mistakenly think the Philocalian Calendar is the start of the Christmas record. Hopefully, now you see that is not the case.

And so one naturally wonders - what comes before the Donatists?

DUELING THEORIES

I want to emphasize we are deep in speculation here. There are solid facts involved, sure enough, but we are using them to extrapolate to conclusions. It's not like we are pulling from Irish folklore to conclude Halloween comes from Samhain or anything like that, but I do not want to leave you with the impression that things are definite as the rising sun. These are very strong circumstantial arguments, but circumstantial nonetheless.

Now we come to the boss fight. What led up to the Donatists? We have two main theories of how the December 25th date of Christmas came about to begin with.

The first theory is what I usually call "pagan co-opt" because I like to keep things simple. This theory states Christians took over Natalis Invicti from the pagans. This theory was popularized by the scholars of the German History of Religions School back in the late 1800s. Two of the main architects where Christmas is concerned were Franz Cumont and Hermann Usener. According to these scholars, practically everything in Christianity was a pagan co-opt, including Christianity itself. Scholars often refer to this option as the History of Religions Theory (HRT). This is the preferred theory of Armstrongism.

The second theory is what most people call Calculation Theory (CT). This theory states Christian scholars came to the December 25 date on their own, through an investigation of historical dates. This theory was proposed in the late 1800s by Louis Duchesne but gained popularity in the late 1900s when Thomas Talley picked it up. It is based on the discovery of manuscripts from Christian authors from the second through fifth centuries. CT claims early Christian thinkers were trying to find the date of the crucifixion (and every other Passover in history back to the 4th day of creation). There were various dates proposed for the crucifixion, but Hippolytus championed March 25, and that one caught on. (I will tell you about another date in a future post, coming soon.)
Now, you add in an unusual idea from the Jews where multiple important events happen on the same date. These are called "integral years" or "integral ages". In the minds of the ancient Jews, important people were believed to have been conceived or born on the same date on which they died. I know this sounds odd, but you must understand that, whether it's true or not, it is built on quite a lot of evidence. So, you take Hippolytus' calculation of the crucifixion on March 25, add in integral ages, and you get Jesus being conceived on March 25. Nine months later you land on December 25.

Note: CT is not trying to determine if December 25 actually is the correct date (and neither am I). It only explains how the December 25 date was originally chosen. It sounds odd, but history is odd.
Also, no matter which theory we choose, the origin of Christmas goes back to before 300 AD. 

Those are the two main theories on how we got to December 25. Now, let's run those theories past the Donatists.

The HRT stands or falls on these two things:
1) December 25 was a popular annual pagan holiday in Rome, and,
2) Christmas on December 25 started well after Natalis Invicti.
There is not a shred of evidence for #1 (if it weren't for the Philocalian Calendar, we wouldn't have known it existed at all), and #2 is complicated by the Donatists.

The Donatists push the observance of a December 25 Christmas festival back prior to the Great Persecution. And we know Christmas took years to develop, but we don't know how many years, so let's just arbitrarily assign it to 300 AD in Carthage. 300 AD is merely a conservative estimate that tries to be fair to both theories, and even then the HRT timeline collapses.

Think about it.
If Aurelian actually did start a Sol festival in 274 AD, and we plug in our date of 300 AD for the Donatists to accept Christmas, that is 26 years at the most. That is not nearly reasonable enough time for a festival to get so popular the Christians felt they had to co-opt the date, and for that new Christian festival to propagate around the west.

Christmas did not begin at the Donatist freeze. December 25 Nativity didn't spring up fully formed, like Athena, in all places at once. That took time. We must subtract some unknown amount of time from 300 AD to account for the development and spread of the Christmas tradition. The history of the nativity on December 25 can go no earlier than Hippolytus in 211 AD (since it was his calculations that arrived at December 25 to begin with), and no later than 300 AD (given the evidence from the Donatists). This window of time does damage to the foundation of the HRT. Speaking for myself, personally, I feel it makes the HRT completely unworkable.
And I haven't even mentioned the part where no Donatist would knowingly accept a festival co-opted from paganism.

There is only one theory that can account for the Donatists, and that is the Calculation Theory. CT is the better explanation, and the Donatists emphasize that wonderfully.
I don't want to get into this point here, but only CT can handle Epiphany as well as Christmas, and for the exact same reason. HRT cannot deal with Epiphany at all. That is also a very strong mark in CT's favor.

CONCLUSION

The Donatists offer a revealing glimpse into the clouded history of Christmas because their apparent observance of a December 25 Christmas gives clues to when the date developed from a theory into a widely-accepted feast, and the timing rules out the pagan co-opt theory. I suppose you could say, Christmas with the Donatists is a MASTER KEY unlocking the mystery of those ages.

We've seen how the Commemoration of the Martyrs pushes Christmas well prior to 336 AD, and "the Donatist freeze" takes Christmas back to roughly 300 AD. We know Christmas took time to develop and spread, so the actual origin of the feast goes back further still. And the best explanation for the genesis of Christmas is the Calculation Theory.

"We don’t know exactly where, or why or how they got the date, though our guesses are probably not too far from the mark."
-Susan K. Roll, "Towards the Origins of Christmas", p.223.

There are so many details to this story which I have glossed over in order to bring you today's post. I want you to understand how things progressed in general without getting bogged down in the very thorny and complex details that I so adore.

I want to re-emphasize the speculation going on here. Solid facts are being used to reach uncertain conclusions. That's the rule of this game. Probabilities. But let us bear this absolutely solid fact in mind - regardless of how far back we can push its origins, the Feast of the Nativity is a creature of the mid-to-late 300s. If you want to know more about the development of Christmas through the centuries, I would like to recommend you read our series "Christmas Eras Tour".

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It is important that you understand; Everything on this blog is based on the current understanding of each author. Never take anyone's word for it, always prove it for yourself, it is your responsibility. You cannot ride someone else's coattail into the Kingdom. ; )

Acts 17:11

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The Plain Truth About Samhain

Until 2024, I managed to avoid researching Halloween. I didn't want to. I have my disagreements with modern Halloween customs and I didn't feel there was any acceptable outcome for me. How could this possibly be anything other than what people say? I see now that "common knowledge" is wildly off mark. I find this disturbing.
Today, we are going to review what actual historical records say or do not say about Samhain. I mean Samhain particularly, not odd Celtic pagan customs in general. I've found two main problems that I want to go over: relying on bad source material from the 1500s-1900s, and treating folklore like non-fiction. These two things are responsible for more confusion than anything else I have found.

I'm gonna give you the Luke Skywalker summary right at the start:

Everything you thought you knew about pagan origins of Halloween is wrong.

You have no doubt heard, "The night of October 31 was known as Samhain, a Pagan festival which was later combined with Christian celebrations and renamed All Saints’ Day by the Catholic church." I got that quote from The Sun news.      Yeah. That is not how things really went.

For over a year, I've been reading into the Druids. It all started when I wanted to know even more about the particulars of Christmas traditions, like mistletoe. I thought learning about the more controversial traditions might be nice. I came across a very helpful video that mentioned an author named Ronald Hutton. I started reading Hutton's books. It gently blew the narrative on Druids apart, and mistletoe, and.....

That led me to want to know more about "Halloween comes from Samhain". I've been trying hard to find the evidence. There are books and websites and videos and newspapers and "experts" galore who make this claim. So very many sources, even Christian ones, say the same thing. I figured this is going to be easy! Low-hanging fruit for a quick post when I've got nothing better to write about. I'll just gather up some sources about how Halloween and Samhain merged. One of those "you'll be surprised what Herbert was right about" kinds of stories. So, off I went to track down the sources. (Always track down the sources.)

I've read Julius Caesar and Cicero and Pliny. I've read Sanas Cormaic and Félire Óengusso. I've read old Irish folklore like Tochmarc Emire and the Annals of Ulster. I've read Ronald Hutton and others. I've read multiple, often tedious articles advocating both sides of this debate. I've even gotten ChatGPT involved. What did I learn?

     THERE IS NO SOLID CASE THERE!

No ancient fiery rituals, no specters slipping through the veil, no cleverly carved vegetables, no wreathed Druidic feasts, no costumes to frighten the spirits - just folklore, educated guesses, opinions, inferences, speculations, anachronisms, forgeries, and the like.

ANCIENT ACCOUNTS

We have no records of Samhain from the Druids at all. Nothing. Zero. The Romans and Greeks do not mention Celtic holidays. So, no Samhain here. There goes anything truly ancient.
Well, that was a quick section!

EARLIER IRISH SOURCES

We must then move on to medieval documents. Samhain is Irish, so to Ireland we must go.

You can find mentions of Samhain that go back to second half of the first millennium. Bear in mind, this is a few hundred years after the Druids are believed to have disappeared. The reason why these are considered the oldest is due to a balance of the age of the surviving manuscripts and the estimated age of the content within those manuscripts.
Think of it like a New Testament manuscript. Let's say you have a New Testament manuscript from the 1400s AD, and it might be a copy of something from the 400s, but the content comes from the first century. That same sort of thing happens in these Irish documents. The manuscripts are from after 1000 AD (usually about 1400), they are copies estimated to the 700-1100s, and the content is from... well, we don't know. Could be 400AD; could be much older. It's anybody's guess.

The oldest mentions of Samhain come mainly from these documents. The dates here are estimates of how old the language is (in other words, this is the "copied from" date):

• Echtra Nerai (The Adventure of Nera) - 700s-800s AD
• Tochmarc Emire (The Wooing of Emer) - 700s-800s AD
• Félire Óengusso (Martyrology of Oengus) - late 800s AD
• Sanas Cormaic (Cormac’s Glossary) - 800s-900s AD
• Annála Uladh (Annals of Ulster) - 400s-1500s AD
• Acallam na Senórach (Tales of the Elders) - 1100s AD

I have put those in order of the estimated age of their mention of Samhain. These documents are not about Samhain, they just contain that word. (Félire Óengusso doesn't actually mention Samhain, but it's still a key document so I'm listing it.) I am only interested in the parts that contain that word. For example, the Annals of Ulster has content ranging from the 400s to the 1500s AD, but the part about Samhain is estimated to 900s AD. Even though it has the oldest content by far, I'm putting it later in the list due to Samhain.

Some of these documents are folklore and some are non-fiction.

Irish folklore (Echtra Nerai, Tochmarc Emire, and Acallam na Senórach) mentions Samhain in a way that treats it as an annual holiday. Samhain is depicted as a night of government activity, feasting and games, danger - since the world of the living and the spirits come close together and fairies could be dangerous, a time when certain foods are matured, and it is clearly mentioned both as a single day as well as a 'tide' (think holiday season). So, we get all of the elements together here. It is important to keep in mind that this is mythical history we're talking about, not real events of Irish history.

The non-fiction (Sanas Cormaic, which is a dictionary, Félire Óengusso, which is a martyrology, and Annála Uladh, which is a list of events) mentions samhain as a timestamp. The word samhain literally means "summer's end", and that is how these documents treat it. It is merely a mention that gives context to what time of year it was when other events happened. There is no mention of it being a holiday nor mention of anything festive happening on that day.

What can we conclude from this? It is reasonable (but not certain) to conclude Samhain is very old. It has been theorized that days like Samhain were not originally festivals, per se, but were days set apart to mark the progression of time in a lunar-based agrarian culture. "In this time we calf, and in this time we plant, and in this time we gather..." and etc. The oldest records say nothing at all about any real-world festivities or traditions associated with Samhain. Could there have been? Absolutely. These types of cycles usually come with some form of celebration. Just look at Judaism. Their entire holy day cycle is a crop cycle. But nothing explicitly says this for the Celts.
When we go rooting through the historical record of this era, in the real world outside of folklore, we do not find much obvious Druidic paganism. But where folklore is concerned, even if folklore did contain survivals from ancient Druidism, there is nothing to show those things were being acted out widely in Christian Ireland. Remember, the claim is that Samhain was so popular the Pope felt pressured to replace it with All Saints. That goes far beyond some pockets of Druidism hiding in rural Ireland, and is absolutely not what the record shows.
To claim "due to folklore we know medieval Irish were still practicing paganism" is a far reach. The claim "Halloween is Samhain renamed" is a gross overstatement of the facts.

MORE ABOUT LORE

I feel there are two main problems in how the origins of Samhain has been done in the past. The first is: using folklore as solid fact. We have several important details to discuss here.

First - folklore is fictional, not factual.
Many look at what happened in folklore and conclude those things happened in real life, too. Samhain developed a certain way in folklore but that does not mean people in the real world did the same. These aren't research papers we're talking about. Customs in folklore do not need to exist in reality any more than the customs in modern fiction do. It is not reasonable to assume life closely imitated folklore any more than it does comic books. Folklore builds on real things like places and days, and uses things the reader should be familiar with, but likely none of the actions in folklore happened at all. Warriors battled fairies at castles. The castle may be real, but I'm pretty sure the fairy battles were not.
Folklore does not necessarily depict what the people of the time "believed", either. It's a mythical historical tale, not a religious textbook. Do these things have a way of affecting society? Yes. Undeniably. That's even part of the point. But we must look for evidence of that outside of the folklore. Alas, we find almost nothing for Samhain, which is why we are looking in folklore in the first place. That doesn't mean folklore has no value. It's just very difficult to pick out the valuable parts. Samhain is one of those familiar things the stories use. They never explain Samhain; they just assume the reader knows what it is. So, Samhain should be real - but are any of the actions done on Samhain real? We are left to speculate.

Second - these dates are estimates.
The manuscripts containing these folk tales date from well after 1000 AD. The stories are estimated to the 700s or later because of the language used. Could they be that old? Certainly, that is reasonable. But must they be? No. Using outdated language to make a document appear older is not unheard of. It’s simplest to accept the earlier dating of the manuscripts, but we should remember it's a scholarly estimate not an absolute definite. But that's the document. What about the stories they contain, how old are those? We don't know. 500s AD? 200s? 10s? No one knows.

Third - Irish folklore was written down by Catholic monks.
The Druids left no writings of their own. So, if there is any ancient content, then it would have been transmitted orally at first. When Christian missionaries taught the Irish to write using the Latin alphabet, in about the 3rd-5th centuries, the old tales could finally be recorded - but only after the Druids were gone, and after society filtered through many cultural waves. We know the monks sometimes made alterations. Things that were there are now gone, replaced by more acceptable ideas. Now, there is no way to be certain what is ancient, what is more recent past, and what is purely Christian. If it is difficult to translate folklore to real life, how much harder would it be to translate what was erased or changed?

Fourth - the stories are meant to explain Ireland.
Irish folklore is not just stories for the sake of entertainment. They have a greater purpose. They are intended to build and reinforce a cultural identity. The point wasn't to describe Ireland as it was at the time, but as it had been; and by describing what had been, explain Ireland as it was at the time. In other words, they tell stories about how Ireland came to be and why some things were the way they were, and they elevate Ireland in comparison to other regions. How did that castle get ruined? Why, let me tell you the story of the great fairy battle long ago! Many of those themes are pagan, but some of those themes are definitely Christian. You can say the same about Lord of the Rings.

Fifth - there was no single, unified Celtic culture.
There is no Samhain at all in Welsh folklore. For the Welsh, their start of winter is Calan Gaeaf - which translates to the "first day of winter" (in contrast with "last of summer"). The Welsh had days similar to the Irish but with Welsh names and priorities. The first day of winter was not nearly as significant to them as the first day of May. In Gaul (France), there is no Samhain or any known day like it. The "three nights of Samonii" are often mentioned, but they were mid-summer days not associated with Samhain whatsoever. Britain also has no record of a day similar to Samhain. Why is any of this important? Because from what we've seen about Wales, Gaul, and Britain, we can be sure that there was no single unified Celtic culture. The various Celtic regions have clear similarities but significant differences as well. We must be careful when we say things like, "The Celts did this or that." It would be better to say, "The Irish did this or that," or "In Gaul, they did this or that."
This also does terrible damage to the "Samhain was so popular the Pope moved All Saints" claim.

Why did I go over all of this? To show that the many, many people who make claims like "it can be traced back" do not really trace back. There is a lot more uncertainty and speculation going on here than it might seem. True scholars put a lot of time and hard work into their conclusions, but even they can be wrong. It's the armchair scholars I'm referring to here - the Herman Hoehs of the world; the ones who say "Pagan! Pagan! Pagan!". All of these things we just went over, and there are more that I didn't list, give us a very good reason to say "scholars think" or "might be" or even "could use a complete reconsideration".

Let's go over a specific example of something needing a complete reconsideration.

NOVEMBER 1

Since samhain means "last of summer", it is reasonable to conclude it refers to late-October / early-November. Other nearby cultures started winter then. Bede tells us the Anglo-Saxons started winter on the full moon in their month that correlates to October. It's possible the Celts did similarly. But ancient Celts did not use the Roman calendar, therefore they did not have a November. The only Celtic calendar we have, the Coligny Calendar, is lunar. No lunar calendar would align with the Roman solar calendar. If Samhain was set to November 1, it would have to have been changed to that, and only after customs had been significantly altered to become Romanized or perhaps even Christianized. So, how did it become so?

The first place where we can tie Samhain to November 1 is not from Bede, who did not write about the Irish, but from the Félire Óengusso - a list of Christian martyrs estimated to the late 800s AD. On an entry for November 1, the phrase used is "cétamain geimredh" (“first day of winter”). This is usually translated, or rather transliterated, into English as "Samhain" or sometimes "Allhallowstide", but Samhain is not actually written there. (Newer manuscripts have the word samuin, but the oldest do not.) So, the association between Samhain and November 1 is indirect. The thinking goes - if November 1 is the first day of winter, and Samhain is the end of summer, then November 1 must be Samhain. Seems legit.

But notice something - there is no hint of anything pagan here; only Christian. The only thing Oengus' Martyrology tells us is the start of winter was associated in Ireland with a Christian feast day for martyred saints on November 1. Samhain must be read into it. Reasonably so! But never the less indirectly.

This is a game of speculation, so let's speculate a bit. It is possible Félire Óengusso does not refer to Samhain in any way. All it refers to is the start of winter. Another timestamp. Samhain must be read into it. Therefore, it is possible samhain was associated with November 1 even later on than this. To take it one step further, the folklore says Samhain was a single day and a tide (a holiday season). Many authors claim Samhain was a three-day festival. It is possible the original samhain was more general - a short period of time when summer was ending, rather than a single "last day of summer". That Samhain was a single day is only an educated guess
...but a reasonable one. It is simpler just to stick with Samhain as a single day. And a simpler explanation is usually a better one. I only speculated like this to demonstrate how many things are built on assumptions.

One potential explanation for the November 1 date is that it's halfway between the Autumnal Equinox and the Winter Solstice. And that's true. But here's the catch - it's only true in the Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar didn't exist back then. In 700 AD, under the Julian calendar, November 7th would have been the halfway point. That date just drifts later in the year with time. Samhain was on November 11th in 1752, when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in Ireland. This eleven-day change caused there to be two Samhains for a while. There is no evidence the ancient Celts in Ireland measured equinoxes to begin with. They were a lunar society. Therefore, this explanation for the November 1 date is one we can move past comfortably.

Another potential explanation for the November 1 date is that the Druids absorbed a festival from the Romans, and the favored target is Pomona. This claim was invented in the 1700-1800s, apparently by a person named William Hutchinson, and web searches propagate it as if it were legitimate. Pomona was so minor that she had no known festival to abosorb. Old Roman calendars - Chronography of 354 and the Fasti Antiates Mores - list nothing for November 1. Web searches will mention August 13th rather than November 1, but even that is wrong. The August 13th festival was dedicated to Diana. There is no real support the Druids in Ireland borrowed anything from the ancient Romans where Samhain is concerned. Therefore, we can move past this as well.

The most reasonable conclusion left is the traditional start of winter was not originally on November 1 but was moved there by Christians who used a Roman solar calendar rather than moon cycles. Romanization + Christianization = November 1. That is the simplest and least problematic explanation.

We've seen the first problem. I feel the second of the two main problems with Samhain history is: not discerning the source material. Authors from the Early Modern period will give us a good lesson in this. 

EARLY-MODERN MARVELS

We've seen medieval documents and folklore. That leaves us with Early Modern writings, from the 1500s AD forward. Most of the problem with Samhain comes from right here in this era.

As we've seen, earlier documents did not mention Samhain traditions in the real world at all. The oldest surviving mentions of Samhain traditions in the real world appear from this period. That said, we must be careful.
Many of these practices that we are commonly told originate in Samhain were already common in other holidays throughout the year. Bonfires, decorations, dressing in costume, going door-to-door, carving root vegetables (ancestors of the jack-o-lantern), and the like were all medieval or later Christian customs used at Christian holidays throughout the year. When we say, "Samhain traditions in the real world appear from the 1500s AD forward," it is not necessarily that they customs are invented here, but that older Christian traditions are first applied to Samhain here.

One can speculate that Christians borrowed these customs from pagans originally and are just giving them back, but there is absolutely no support for an origin in Samhain, therefore I will reject it. Many of these customs do not originate in Ireland or Scotland, therefore they cannot come from Samhain. Most of them genuinely appear to be Christian novelties. Most of these traditions are first recorded after 1,000 AD. (We have articles on that.) And some of them, like jack-o-lanterns, aren't mentioned until the 1700-1800s. In my opinion, the main issue with old Christian holiday traditions is they are strange to us today. And since they are strange, it is easy to assign them a pagan origin. That is rarely the case, though.

There is something else you should know about some of the documents from this era - they were written by people known to have forged documents and invented claims.

Take the most well known name from that period for instance: Edward Williams, aka Iolo Morganwg. Folklorist, known forger, Druidic Bard ...and Christian. Iolo didn't just forge manuscripts. He invented a history going back to Noah, Druidic traditions and customs, an "ancient" Bardic order complete with titles and costumes and annual meetings, and an alphabet, to name a few. It seems he was trying to live out the fantasies from the documents he so loved. Ironically, as noted by Ronald Hutton, one of Iolo's favorite quotes was, "The Truth Against The World" ("Blood and Mistletoe" p.295).

Look Iolo up and see for yourself. I will quote the Wikipedia article on Edward Williams (which is my habit to do when I want to demonstrate the information is readily available): "...it emerged after his death that he had forged several manuscripts...". That quote is wrong. It emerged while he was yet alive. Most notably, Edward Davies wrote "Mythology and Rites of the British Druids" in part to expose Iolo. Iolo countered that Davies' knowledge was shallow and future scholars would laugh at him. I laugh when Ronald Hutton says they were both right.
Sadly, Hutton mentions that Davies was unsuccessful in finding out all of Iolo's forgeries and ended up using some as authentic in his own conclusions ("Blood and Mistletoe" p.330).

Iolo has been a leading source for Druid customs since the 1700s. You can still find people citing Iolo as authoritative to this very day. But he's not the only questionable source. Iolo was inspired by William Stukeley, and in turn Iolo inspired others such as John Rhys, Charles Vallancey, and Margaret Murray, to name but three. Each of these had things right, but also many things grossly wrong or completely invented in their writings.

Then, into this prepared soup of truths, half-truths, and outright lies comes James Frazer, of the German History of Religions School and author of "The Golden Bough". Frazer was very influential and taken quite seriously in his claims that Christianity borrowed heavily from paganism. I don't blame people of the time for believing him. What other evidence did they have? Remember, we are talking about a time when archaeology, linguistics, textual criticism, and comparative religion were fairly well in their infancy. Frazer's conclusions have for the most part been abandoned in the past 50 years. However, much like Iolo, people cite Frazer to this day (looking at you, Living COG).

Of the two main problems I have found in tracking down Samhain, not discerning the true from the false in source material is by far the more egregious. Authors from the 1500s to early 1900s must be taken with more caution than that.

EVERYTHING OLD IS NEW AGAIN

Finally come the Wiccans.

It was Gerald Gardner who founded Wicca - drawing on the misguided ideas of discredited historian Margaret Murray, the occult claims of Aleister Crowley, the since discarded theories of James Frazer, and a smattering of Freemasonry. Gardner, along with Ross Nichols, created the Wicca calendar of eight high days and formulated Wicca's base liturgy. Later, Alex and Maxine Sanders promoted and expanded this new neo-pagan faith.
It is these four who can be said to have elevated Samhain to a major pagan holiday. The root of the claims that "Wicca is older than Christianity" come ultimately from these four - especially Gardner, who was known for making and encouraging unfounded claims about the history of the movement. They are responsible for the mainstream claims about Halloween and Samhain in our time.

This entire business is a game of one person writes something false, then another quotes them, then on and on it goes until it appears to be true. Now, they all just quote one another in a giant circle. People no longer need proof; they are their own proof.

This begs the question: is the Samhain of the 1500s onward the same event as it had been, or is this a new thing with an old name fashioned entirely from tales and assumptions about the past? It seems Samhain has come full circle. It was a day whose name was recycled into Christian society, only to be recycled back out again 1,000 years later. In other words, what we think of as "ancient" Samhain might really be a clever remix of old ideas, not a living tradition passed down from time immemorial. Something of a J. J. Abrams version of Samhain.
This would be the exact opposite of Halloween originates in Samhain.

In my last post, "Real History Of The Druids", I wrote how Druids are a puzzle that you can put together in many ways. What you go looking for is what you will find. The more I read the more I believe this is true. It shocks me how very many claims are built on such very little evidence, or even none at all. I do suggest you read it.
One might ask, isn't that what I'm doing - finding what I intended to find? No. I've found the opposite of what I expected. I am not trying to build anything. I am merely reporting to you what evidence existed (or not), and when, and then I'm giving a few of my thoughts.

Note I have avoided anything about "Samhain Lord of the Dead". We'll get to that another time.

CONCLUSION

Let's see here. Is this accurate: "The night of October 31 was known as Samhain, a Pagan festival which was later combined with Christian celebrations and renamed All Saints’ Day by the Catholic church."? Not even close.

To recap:

· Nothing ties later Samhain customs definitively back to the Druids.
· Most Halloween traditions (costumes, begging door-to-door, carved veggies, fires) are modernizations of medieval Christian customs.
· Samhain likely began as a yearly time-marker closely associated with farming.

· That Samhain originally referred to a single day rather than a period of time is only an educated guess.
· Exactly when samhain was or how it was calculated, originally, are unknown.

· Samhain was not associated with November 1 until after Ireland's Christianization.

· There was no single Celtic culture. Samhain is distinctly Irish.

· The claim "Samhain was so popular the Pope felt he had to move All Saints to coopt it" is baseless.

· There is no mention of a festival of any kind in the oldest non-fictional works.

· Most info about Samhain comes from Irish folklore, which was copied or even created by Catholic monks.

· From the 1500s on, Druidic history was romanticized and many documents were forged to create a past that never really existed.

· Earlier historians tried to sift out the truth, but were not entirely successful.

· In the 1900s, the founders of Wicca drew on ideas of their time to create a new Samhain day.

· The founders of Wicca popularized the claim Halloween came from Samhain.

· Today, with the onset of more rigorous scientific disciplines and standards of evidence, a great deal of those past claims are being left behind.

I am throwing away these absolute claims that Halloween traditions come from the Druids. I suggest you do as well. It is far and away more reasonable to say: I will no longer let these claims bother my conscience because I know now what they are made of. I remind you, we reject "once pagan always pagan" here at ABD.

Thank you for bearing with me, dear reader. Hopefully, after all this, you can see why I am frustrated. I am tired of being told one thing only to find something entirely different, and, through it all, knowing minds will not change no matter what I write.

I can hardly blame Herbert Armstrong for not figuring all of this out on his own. (Not that he would have if he could have, but that's beside the point.) We today have the benefit of living after the 1980s when scholars made great strides in disproving old ideas, and we have the internet to put all this information at our fingertips. Ol' Herbie didn't have that to ignore. But modern Armstrongist splinter-churches have no such excuse! And, frankly, neither do the other mainstream churches out there who parrot false ideas, not to mention newspapers whose journalists are paid to research things (or so I am told).

Seriously, people. If I can spend one year reading in my free time about this and come to these conclusions, then anyone can. Most of all, well-funded churches should be able to pull this off.

I’ve spent a good deal of time tracing this topic through sources old and new, and I want to be open about the process. I used ChatGPT along the way - mostly to check sources, verify claims, and organize my thoughts. But every argument, conclusion, and sarcastic remark is my own.
This post isn’t heavy on detail, but behind the scenes I’ve done my best to stay honest, unbiased, and careful.

AI repeatedly recommended that I avoid claiming anything too definitive because it lacks nuance. "Lack of evidence is not evidence of lack", I am reminded. I agree completely! I mean, the indefinite nature of Samhain is most of my point. But I counter by saying the evidence is so weak there is no solid case here and therefore no good reason to definitely conclude Halloween actually "comes from" Samhain, historically - which is exactly what has been claimed in the wide world. And if we cannot show it did from the evidence, then we should not say it did. Erring on the side of "Halloween did not come from Samhain" is the more reasonable approach given the evidence we have today. AI agreed, in principle, stating: "...when a claim lacks supporting evidence, and when reasonable efforts have been made to find such evidence, it is rational to treat the claim as unproven or highly unlikely, even while acknowledging that absolute certainty is not possible." AI has responsible intentions, from an academic point of view. Therefore, if I were to give you the academically responsible conclusion, I would say it like this:
I urge extreme caution in concluding Halloween traditions come from the Druids, since the case is so very weak and the two options are not equally plausible by any means. But we should leave the possibility open that maybe some day in the future something could be discovered that changes our conclusions here.

If anything in today's post challenges a familiar story, that’s not my fault - it’s history’s. History hasn’t changed; only my view has. Hopefully yours, too. And that, I think, is what makes it worth studying.

I couldn't possibly end this post in a better way than how it was put by a good friend of mine:

"I do think at the end of the day, despite what anyone thinks they know about it, it’s a matter of conscience - if YOU think something is WRONG, then it is WRONG for YOU to do it, full stop. The problem is many lack discernment and think if THEY believe it’s wrong, then everyone that does it is wrong." 

That, dear reader, is the entire ballgame right there, in 60 words or less.

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Some sources for more reading on your own later on:

Sanas Carmaic (Cormac's Glossary): https://archive.org/details/cu31924071173474/page/n101/mode/2up. See p.102 of that link, under Gamuin. Note: items in parenthesis are not original.

Annála Uladh (Annals of Ulster): https://archive.org/stream/annalauladhannal01royauoft/annalauladhannal01royauoft_djvu.txt. See p.158 of that link. Note: English translations use "Samhain" or "Allhallowtide", but that is not in the oldest manuscripts.

Tochmarc Emire (The Wooing of Emer):
https://www.paddybrown.co.uk/pdfs/The_Wooing_of_Emer.pdf. See pp.7 & 13 of that link; "Samain".

Félire Óengusso (The Martyrology of Oengus):
https://archive.org/details/martyrologyofoen29oenguoft/page/232/mode/2up. See p.232 of that link.

Acallam na Senórach (Tales of the Elders of Ireland):
https://archive.org/details/silvagadelicaix00gragoog/page/77/mode/1up?q=Sam.

Echtra Nerai (The Adventure of Nera):
https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/academic/seanmeanghaeilge/cdi/texts/Meyer-Echtra-Nerai.pdf. See pp. 4, 10, & 14 of that link. Note: This translation transliterates samuin as Halloween.

Bede's "De Temporum Ratione" (The Reckoning of Time):
https://old.katab.asia/special/De_temporum_ratione.pdf. See pp.53-54 of that link for "Winterfylleth".

Nathan J. Harris, "Debunking Samhain: Undoing the Misinformation of Wicca", PDF file, Academia.edu, accessed 11-4-2025, https://www.academia.edu/144624704/Debunking_Samhain_Undoing_the_Misinformation_of_Wicca.

Ronald Hutton, "Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain", (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), p.95. Note: I cannot find an online, free version.

"Scribes and Kings: Religion, Politics and the Medieval Manuscripts of Ireland." On Mythical Ireland. https://mythicalireland.com/blogs/news/scribes-and-kings-religion-politics-and-the-medieval-manuscripts-of-ireland. Note: This is a fine example of a reasoned attempt to identify the balance between old and new in the old Irish folklore.

Catholic Encyclopedia. “Irish Literature”. NewAdvent.org, accessed 11-8-2025. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08116a.htm

"Internet Medieval Sourcebook". Fordham University.
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/sbook1g.asp. Note: Tons of old works here from Celtic regions.

"The Truth About Halloween". Eternal COG.
https://www.eternalcog.org/media/The-Truth-about-Halloween.pdf. Note: This is a fantastic example both of what to do and not to do in a study. Good: cite lots of sources. Bad: Treat any and all sources as authoritative. People, please mind your sources! Quality over quantity.

Lisa Morton, "Trick or Treat: A history of Halloween". Internet Archive .
https://archive.org/details/trickortreathist0000mort/ Note: I found this after doing this post. It has a ton of info on customs, but does at times draw on some bad sources. Overall, an interesting read.

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It is important that you understand; Everything on this blog is based on the current understanding of each author. Never take anyone's word for it, always prove it for yourself, it is your responsibility. You cannot ride someone else's coattail into the Kingdom. ; )

Acts 17:11

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